rust-std

use std::alloc::{GlobalAlloc, System, Layout};

struct MyAllocator;

unsafe impl GlobalAlloc for MyAllocator {
    unsafe fn alloc(&self, layout: Layout) -> *mut u8 {
        System.alloc(layout)
    }

    unsafe fn dealloc(&self, ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout) {
        System.dealloc(ptr, layout)
    }
}

#[global_allocator]
static GLOBAL: MyAllocator = MyAllocator;
fn main() {
    let mut v = Vec::new(); // 使用 GLOBAL 内存分配器
    v.push(1);
}

// 使用 jemalloc 内存分配器
use jemallocator::Jemalloc;

#[global_allocator]
static GLOBAL: Jemalloc = Jemalloc; // Jemalloc 是 unit struct 类型

fn main() {}

pub unsafe trait Allocator {
    // Required methods
    fn allocate(&self, layout: Layout) -> Result<NonNull<[u8]>, AllocError>;
    unsafe fn deallocate(&self, ptr: NonNull<u8>, layout: Layout);
    //...
}

pub struct Layout { /* private fields */ }
// 创建 T 类型的 Layout
pub const fn new<T>() -> Layout
// 从 T 的 value 创建 Layout
pub fn for_value<T>(t: &T) -> Layout where T: ?Sized
pub unsafe fn for_value_raw<T>(t: *const T) -> Layout where T: ?Sized
pub const fn from_size_align(size: usize, align: usize ) -> Result<Layout, LayoutError>
pub const unsafe fn from_size_align_unchecked( size: usize, align: usize ) -> Layout
// 获得 Layout 的 size 和 align 信息
pub const fn size(&self) -> usize
pub const fn align(&self) -> usize
pub fn dangling(&self) -> NonNull<u8>
pub fn align_to(&self, align: usize) -> Result<Layout, LayoutError>
pub fn padding_needed_for(&self, align: usize) -> usize
pub fn pad_to_align(&self) -> Layout
pub fn repeat(&self, n: usize) -> Result<(Layout, usize), LayoutError>
pub fn extend(&self, next: Layout) -> Result<(Layout, usize), LayoutError>
pub fn repeat_packed(&self, n: usize) -> Result<Layout, LayoutError>
pub fn extend_packed(&self, next: Layout) -> Result<Layout, LayoutError>
pub fn array<T>(n: usize) -> Result<Layout, LayoutError>

// Allocate memory with the global allocator.
pub unsafe fn alloc(layout: Layout) -> *mut u8
  use std::alloc::{alloc, dealloc, handle_alloc_error, Layout};
  unsafe {
      let layout = Layout::new::<u16>();
      let ptr = alloc(layout); // ptr 是 *mut u8 类型
      if ptr.is_null() {
          handle_alloc_error(layout);
      }

      *(ptr as *mut u16) = 42;
      assert_eq!(*(ptr as *mut u16), 42);

      dealloc(ptr, layout);
  }

// Allocate zero-initialized memory with the global allocator.
pub unsafe fn alloc_zeroed(layout: Layout) -> *mut u8
  use std::alloc::{alloc_zeroed, dealloc, Layout};
  unsafe {
      let layout = Layout::new::<u16>();
      let ptr = alloc_zeroed(layout);

      assert_eq!(*(ptr as *mut u16), 0);

      dealloc(ptr, layout);
  }

// Deallocate memory with the global allocator.
pub unsafe fn dealloc(ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout)

// Reallocate memory with the global allocator.
pub unsafe fn realloc(ptr: *mut u8, layout: Layout, new_size: usize) -> *mut u8

// Registers a custom allocation error hook, replacing any that was previously registered.
pub fn set_alloc_error_hook(hook: fn(_: Layout))
  #![feature(alloc_error_hook)]
  use std::alloc::{Layout, set_alloc_error_hook};
  fn custom_alloc_error_hook(layout: Layout) {
      panic!("memory allocation of {} bytes failed", layout.size());
  }
  set_alloc_error_hook(custom_alloc_error_hook);

assert_eq!(std::any::type_name::<Option<String>>(),"core::option::Option<alloc::string::String>",);

use std::any::type_name_of_val;
let s = "foo";
let x: i32 = 1;
let y: f32 = 1.0;
assert!(type_name_of_val(&s).contains("str"));
assert!(type_name_of_val(&x).contains("i32"));
assert!(type_name_of_val(&y).contains("f32"));

// Any trait 需要满足 'static 限制
pub trait Any: 'static {
    fn type_id(&self) -> TypeId;
}

// 例子
use std::any::{Any, TypeId};
fn is_string(s: &dyn Any) -> bool {
    TypeId::of::<String>() == s.type_id()
}

// 传入的是 'static 引用，满足 Any trait 的要求。
assert_eq!(is_string(&0), false);
assert_eq!(is_string(&"cookie monster".to_string()), true);

// 例子
use std::any::{Any, TypeId};

fn is_string<T: ?Sized + Any>(_s: &T) -> bool {
    TypeId::of::<String>() == TypeId::of::<T>()
}
assert_eq!(is_string(&0), false);
assert_eq!(is_string(&"cookie monster".to_string()), true);

// 例子
use std::any::{Any, TypeId};
let boxed: Box<dyn Any> = Box::new(3_i32);

// You're more likely to want this:
let actual_id = (&*boxed).type_id();
// ... than this:
let boxed_id = boxed.type_id();
assert_eq!(actual_id, TypeId::of::<i32>());
assert_eq!(boxed_id, TypeId::of::<Box<dyn Any>>());

use std::any::Any;

fn is_string(s: &dyn Any) {
    if s.is::<String>() {
        println!("It's a string!");
    } else {
        println!("Not a string...");
    }
}
is_string(&0);
is_string(&"cookie monster".to_string());

fn modify_if_u32(s: &mut dyn Any) {
    if let Some(num) = s.downcast_mut::<u32>() {
        *num = 42;
    }
}

let mut x = 10u32;
let mut s = "starlord".to_string();
modify_if_u32(&mut x);
modify_if_u32(&mut s);
assert_eq!(x, 42);
assert_eq!(&s, "starlord");

pub fn downcast<T>(self) -> Result<Box<T, A>, Box<dyn Any, A>> where T: Any
pub unsafe fn downcast_unchecked<T>(self) -> Box<T, A> where T: Any

use std::any::Any;

fn print_if_string(value: Box<dyn Any>) {
    if let Ok(string) = value.downcast::<String>() {
        println!("String ({}): {}", string.len(), string);
    }
}

let my_string = "Hello World".to_string();
print_if_string(Box::new(my_string));
print_if_string(Box::new(0i8));

#![feature(downcast_unchecked)]
use std::any::Any;
let x: Box<dyn Any> = Box::new(1_usize);
unsafe {
    assert_eq!(*x.downcast_unchecked::<usize>(), 1);
}

// Backtrace 实现的方法
pub fn capture() -> Backtrace // 受环境变量调控
pub fn force_capture() -> Backtrace // 强制捕获
pub const fn disabled() -> Backtrace // 关闭捕获
pub fn status(&self) -> BacktraceStatus  // 返回是否开启了 Backtrace 捕获
pub fn frames(&'a self) -> &'a [BacktraceFrame]

// 示例：Backtrace::force_capture() 函数不参考上面两个环境变量的值，强制返回 Backtrace：
use std::backtrace::Backtrace
fn main() {
    let bt  = Backtrace::force_capture();
    println!("{}", bt); // Backtrace 实现了 Debug 和 Display，打印调用栈。
}

pub struct Box<T, A = Global>(/* private fields */) where A: Allocator, T: ?Sized;

let val: u8 = 5; // 栈变量，栈上分配内存
let boxed: Box<u8> = Box::new(val); // 堆上分配内存

// 使用 Box 保存递归数据类型对象
#[allow(dead_code)]
#[derive(Debug)]
enum List<T> {
    Cons(T, Box<List<T>>),
    Nil,
}
let list: List<i32> = List::Cons(1, Box::new(List::Cons(2, Box::new(List::Nil))));
println!("{list:?}");

// 使用 Box 保存 trait object
let _b: Box<dyn std::fmt::Display> = Box::new(123i32);

// trait object 有两种形式:
// 1i32 实现了 dyn std::fmt::Display 和 dyn std::any::Any, 所以 1i32 可以 unsized coercion 到 trait object

// 1. &dyn Trait, &(dyn Trait + 'static + Send + Sync)，使用对象引用赋值。
let dsd: &dyn std::fmt::Display = &1i32;

// 2. Box<dyn Trait>，使用对象赋值。
let bo: Box<dyn std::fmt::Display> = Box::new(1i32);
let bo: Box<dyn std::any::Any> = Box::new(1i32);
let bo: Box<&dyn std::fmt::Display> = Box::new(&1i32);

// 以下是 CoerceUnsized trait 实现的 type coercion 转换, 将 &T 隐式转换为 &U 指针, U 需要是 unsized type.
//
// Rust 支持 Box<T> -> Box<U>, 但需要 T 可以 CoerceUnsized 到 U
let b1: Box<i32> = Box::new(123i32);
let b2: Box<dyn std::fmt::Display> = b1;
let bo: Box<[i32]> = Box::new([1, 2, 3]); // [T; N] -> [T]
let b1 = Box::new(123i32); // i32 -> dyn std::fmt::Display
let b2: Box<dyn std::fmt::Display> = b1;

use std::mem;

#[allow(dead_code)]
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
struct Point {
    x: f64,
    y: f64,
}

#[allow(dead_code)]
struct Rectangle {
    top_left: Point,
    bottom_right: Point,
}

fn origin() -> Point {
    Point { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 }
}

fn boxed_origin() -> Box<Point> {
    // 在堆上分配 Point
    Box::new(Point { x: 0.0, y: 0.0 })
}

enum List {
    // 元组类型，由于 Box 没有实现 Copy，所以整个元组没有实现 Copy
    Cons(i32, Box<List>),
    Nil,
}

use crate::List::{Cons, Nil};

fn main() {
    let a = Cons(5, Box::new(Cons(10, Box::new(Nil))));

    // a 所有权转移。这里不能传入 &a, 否则只是分配一个指针的空间。
    let b = Cons(3, Box::new(a));

    // 编译器报错，解决办法是使用 Rc<T>
    // let c = Cons(4, Box::new(a));
}

let boxed: Box<u8> = Box::new(5);
let val: u8 = *boxed;

fn hello(name: &str) {
    println!("Hello, {name}!");
}

fn main() {
    let x = 5;
    let y = Box::new(x);
    assert_eq!(5, *y); // *y 等效为 *(y.deref()), 返回 5。

    let boxed: Box<u8> = Box::new(5);
    let val: u8 = *boxed;

    let m = MyBox::new(String::from("Rust"));
    // Rust 自动进行多级 Defer 解引用，也就是 deref coercion：
    //   MyBox<String> -> String -> str
    hello(&m);

    // 如果 Rust 不做 deref coercion，则需要做如下繁琐操作
    hello(&(*m)[..]);
}

/* C header */

/* Returns ownership to the caller */
struct Foo* foo_new(void);

/* Takes ownership from the caller; no-op when invoked with null */
void foo_delete(struct Foo*);

#[repr(C)]
pub struct Foo;

#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn foo_new() -> Box<Foo> {
    Box::new(Foo)
}

// foo_delete() 的参数可能是 nullable 指针，而 Box<Foo> 不可能是 null，故需要使用 Option
#[no_mangle]
pub extern "C" fn foo_delete(_: Option<Box<Foo>>) {}

let value = &mut 32 as *mut i32;
let box = Box::<i32>::from_raw(value);
let value2 = &*box as *const i32;

use std::cell::Cell;

pub struct SpiderRobot {
    // ...
    hardware_error_count: Cell<u32>,
    // ...
}

impl SpiderRobot {
    // &self 而非 &mut self
    pub fn add_hardware_error(&self) {
        let n = self.hardware_error_count.get();
        // 先 Copy 旧对象，然后设置为传入的值，然后再 drop 旧对象。
        self.hardware_error_count.set(n + 1);
    }

    pub fn has_hardware_errors(&self) -> bool {
        self.hardware_error_count.get() > 0
    }
}

// 例子
use std::cell::RefCell;
let ref_cell: RefCell<String> =  RefCell::new("hello".to_string());

let r = ref_cell.borrow();
let count = r.len(); // ok, returns "hello".len()
assert_eq!(count, 5);

let mut w = ref_cell.borrow_mut(); // panic: already borrowed
w.push_str(" world");

// 例子:
pub struct SpiderRobot {
    // ...
    log_file: RefCell<File>,
    // ...
}

impl SpiderRobot {
    pub fn log(&self, message: &str) {
        let mut file = self.log_file.borrow_mut();
        writeln!(file, "{}", message).unwrap();
    }
}

use std::cell::OnceCell;

let cell = OnceCell::new();
// get() 返回 Option，如果未设置则返回 None
assert!(cell.get().is_none());

// cell 虽然没有加 mut，但具有内部可变性
let value: &String = cell.get_or_init(|| {
    "Hello, World!".to_string()
});
assert_eq!(value, "Hello, World!");
assert!(cell.get().is_some());

// set(): 如果已设置，则返回 Err
let cell = OnceCell::new();
assert!(cell.get().is_none());
assert_eq!(cell.set(92), Ok(()));
assert_eq!(cell.set(62), Err(62));
assert!(cell.get().is_some());

use std::cell::LazyCell;

let lazy: LazyCell<i32> = LazyCell::new(|| {
    println!("initializing");
    92
});
println!("ready");
println!("{}", *lazy);
println!("{}", *lazy);

static GLOBL :Arc<Mutex<i32>> = Arc::new(Mutex::New(1));

use std::cell::{RefCell, RefMut};
use std::collections::HashMap;
use std::rc::Rc;

fn main() {
    let shared_map: Rc<RefCell<_>> = Rc::new(RefCell::new(HashMap::new()));
    // Create a new block to limit the scope of the dynamic borrow
    {
        let mut map: RefMut<'_, _> = shared_map.borrow_mut();
        map.insert("africa", 92388);
        map.insert("kyoto", 11837);
        map.insert("piccadilly", 11826);
        map.insert("marbles", 38);
    }

    // Note that if we had not let the previous borrow of the cache fall out
    // of scope then the subsequent borrow would cause a dynamic thread panic.
    // This is the major hazard of using `RefCell`.
    let total: i32 = shared_map.borrow().values().sum();
    println!("{total}");
}

// 创建一个空的 vector, len/capacity 均为 0
let mut numbers: Vec<i32> = vec![];

// 用给定的内容创建一个vector, len/capacity 等于元素数目
let words = vec!["step", "on", "no", "pets"];
let mut buffer = vec![0u8; 1024]; // 1024 个 0字节

// 将 set 转换成 Vec
let my_vec = my_set.into_iter().collect::<Vec<String>>();

// 获取一个元素的引用
let first_line = &lines[0];

// 获取一个元素的拷贝
let fifth_number = numbers[4];
let second_number = lines[1].clone();

// 获取一个切片的引用
let my_ref = &buffer[4..12];

// 获取一个切片的拷贝：slice.to_vec(), Clone 切片生成 Vec
let my_copy = buffer[4..12].to_vec(); // Vec<T>
let v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
assert_eq!(v.to_vec(), vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
assert_eq!(v[0..6].to_vec(), vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);

// 将 iterable 的所有 item 按顺序添加到 vec 的末尾。iterable 参数可以是任何实现了 IntoIterator<Item=T>。
vec.extend(iterable);

// 类似于 vec.truncate(index)，但返回一个 Vec 包含 index 及以后的元素, 原来的 vec 只包含 index 前的元素。
vec.split_off(index);

// 将 vec2 的内容添加到 vec, 然后 vec2 被清空. 类似于 vec.extend(vec2)，除了调用之后 vec2 仍然存在，并且容量不变。
vec.append(&mut vec2);

// 从 vec 中移除范围 vec[range]，并返回一个被移除元素的迭代器，其中 range 是一个范围值，例如.. 或0..4。
vec.drain(range);

// 移除所有没有通过给定测试的方法。类似于 vec = vec.into_iter().filter(test).collect();
vec.retain(test);

// 不能同时 &mut 和 &Vec 的元素
let mut v = vec![0, 1, 2, 3];
let a = &mut v[i];
let b = &mut v[j]; // error: 不能同时借用 `v` 的多个可变引用。

let first = &v[0];
v.push(6) // erorr：first 共享借用 Vec，不能再修改（需要可变借用）Vec
println!("{}", first);

// 创建
pub const fn new() -> Vec<T>
    let mut vec: Vec<i32> = Vec::new();

pub fn with_capacity(capacity: usize) -> Vec<T>
    let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(10);
    // The vector contains no items, even though it has capacity for more
    assert_eq!(vec.len(), 0);
    assert!(vec.capacity() >= 10);

pub unsafe fn from_raw_parts( ptr: *mut T, length: usize, capacity: usize ) -> Vec<T>

pub const fn new_in(alloc: A) -> Vec<T, A>
pub fn with_capacity_in(capacity: usize, alloc: A) -> Vec<T, A>
pub unsafe fn from_raw_parts_in( ptr: *mut T, length: usize, capacity: usize, alloc: A ) -> Vec<T, A>

pub fn into_raw_parts(self) -> (*mut T, usize, usize)
pub fn into_raw_parts_with_alloc(self) -> (*mut T, usize, usize, A)

pub fn capacity(&self) -> usize
// 确保 capacity() >= len() + additional
pub fn reserve(&mut self, additional: usize)
    let mut vec = vec![1];
    vec.reserve(10);
    assert!(vec.capacity() >= 11);

pub fn reserve_exact(&mut self, additional: usize)
pub fn try_reserve(&mut self, additional: usize) -> Result<(), TryReserveError>
pub fn try_reserve_exact( &mut self, additional: usize ) -> Result<(), TryReserveError>

pub fn shrink_to_fit(&mut self)
    let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(10);
    vec.extend([1, 2, 3]);
    assert!(vec.capacity() >= 10);
    vec.shrink_to_fit();
    assert!(vec.capacity() >= 3);

// 将 vector 的 capacity 收缩到指定的最小值
pub fn shrink_to(&mut self, min_capacity: usize)
    let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(10);
    vec.extend([1, 2, 3]);
    assert!(vec.capacity() >= 10);
    vec.shrink_to(4);
    assert!(vec.capacity() >= 4);
    vec.shrink_to(0);
    assert!(vec.capacity() >= 3);

// 将 vec 转换为 Box<[T]> , 该方法会丢弃 capacity 超过 shink_to_fit 的空间
pub fn into_boxed_slice(self) -> Box<[T], A>
    let mut vec = Vec::with_capacity(10);
    vec.extend([1, 2, 3]);
    assert!(vec.capacity() >= 10);
    let slice = vec.into_boxed_slice();
    assert_eq!(slice.into_vec().capacity(), 3);

pub fn truncate(&mut self, len: usize)
    let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
    vec.truncate(8);
    assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3]);

// 等效于 &s[..]
pub fn as_slice(&self) -> &[T]
    use std::io::{self, Write};
    let buffer = vec![1, 2, 3, 5, 8];
    io::sink().write(buffer.as_slice()).unwrap();

pub fn as_mut_slice(&mut self) -> &mut [T]
pub fn as_ptr(&self) -> *const T
pub fn as_mut_ptr(&mut self) -> *mut T

// 返回底层使用的内存分配器
pub fn allocator(&self) -> &A

// 将长度设置为 new_len，一般使用安全方法 truncate, resize, extend, or clear.
// new_len 需要小于等于 capacity(), 而且 old_len..new_len must be initialized.
pub unsafe fn set_len(&mut self, new_len: usize)

// 使用 vec 最后一个元素替换 index 元素，返回 index 元素。
// 一般用于修改没有实现 Copy 的 Vec（不能 v[index] = value, 因为 v[index] 会部分转移元素，这是不允许的)
pub fn swap_remove(&mut self, index: usize) -> T
    let mut v = vec!["foo", "bar", "baz", "qux"];
    assert_eq!(v.swap_remove(1), "bar");
    assert_eq!(v, ["foo", "qux", "baz"]);
    assert_eq!(v.swap_remove(0), "foo");
    assert_eq!(v, ["baz", "qux"]);

// 插入和删除元素，会导致后续元素批量移动。
pub fn insert(&mut self, index: usize, element: T)
pub fn remove(&mut self, index: usize) -> T

// 只保留 f 返回 true 的元素
pub fn retain<F>(&mut self, f: F) where F: FnMut(&T) -> bool
    let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
    vec.retain(|&x| x % 2 == 0);
    assert_eq!(vec, [2, 4]);

pub fn retain_mut<F>(&mut self, f: F) where F: FnMut(&mut T) -> bool

// 使用指定 F 来过滤重复的元素，如果连续元素的 F 调用返回值相同则被过滤
pub fn dedup_by_key<F, K>(&mut self, key: F) where F: FnMut(&mut T) -> K, K: PartialEq
    let mut vec = vec![10, 20, 21, 30, 20];
    vec.dedup_by_key(|i| *i / 10);
    assert_eq!(vec, [10, 20, 30, 20]);

pub fn dedup_by<F>(&mut self, same_bucket: F) where F: FnMut(&mut T, &mut T) -> bool
    let mut vec = vec!["foo", "bar", "Bar", "baz", "bar"];
    vec.dedup_by(|a, b| a.eq_ignore_ascii_case(b));
    assert_eq!(vec, ["foo", "bar", "baz", "bar"]);

pub fn push(&mut self, value: T)
pub fn push_within_capacity(&mut self, value: T) -> Result<(), T>
pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<T>

// 将 other 的元素移动到 self，other 被清空（other 没有被 drop，容量不变）：
pub fn append(&mut self, other: &mut Vec<T, A>)
    let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
    let mut vec2 = vec![4, 5, 6];
    vec.append(&mut vec2);
    assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
    assert_eq!(vec2, []);

// 从 self 删除 range 的元素，返回 range 元素的迭代器
pub fn drain<R>(&mut self, range: R) -> Drain<'_, T, A> where R: RangeBounds<usize>
    let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
    let u: Vec<_> = v.drain(1..).collect();
    assert_eq!(v, &[1]);
    assert_eq!(u, &[2, 3]);
    // A full range clears the vector, like `clear()` does
    v.drain(..);
    assert_eq!(v, &[]);

pub fn clear(&mut self)
pub fn len(&self) -> usize
pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool

// 将 self 从 at 位置切分为两个，self 为 at 前元素，返回 at 及以后的元素
pub fn split_off(&mut self, at: usize) -> Vec<T, A> where A: Clone
    let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
    let vec2 = vec.split_off(1);
    assert_eq!(vec, [1]);
    assert_eq!(vec2, [2, 3]);

// 调整 vec，使其长度达到 new_len, 新的元素使用 f 返回
pub fn resize_with<F>(&mut self, new_len: usize, f: F) where F: FnMut() -> T
    let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3];
    vec.resize_with(5, Default::default);
    assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 0, 0]);
    let mut vec = vec![];
    let mut p = 1;
    vec.resize_with(4, || { p *= 2; p });
    assert_eq!(vec, [2, 4, 8, 16]);

// 返回一个具有指定 lifetime 的 slice
pub fn leak<'a>(self) -> &'a mut [T] where A: 'a

pub fn spare_capacity_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [MaybeUninit<T>]
pub fn split_at_spare_mut(&mut self) -> (&mut [T], &mut [MaybeUninit<T>])

pub fn resize(&mut self, new_len: usize, value: T)
    let mut vec = vec!["hello"];
    vec.resize(3, "world");
    assert_eq!(vec, ["hello", "world", "world"]);
    let mut vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
    vec.resize(2, 0);
    assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2]);

pub fn extend_from_slice(&mut self, other: &[T])
    let mut vec = vec![1];
    vec.extend_from_slice(&[2, 3, 4]);
    assert_eq!(vec, [1, 2, 3, 4]);

pub fn extend_from_within<R>(&mut self, src: R) where R: RangeBounds<usize>

// 将 range 元素用 replace_with 替换, 返回替换前的 range 元素
pub fn splice<R, I>( &mut self, range: R, replace_with: I) -> Splice<'_, <I as IntoIterator>::IntoIter, A> where R: RangeBounds<usize>, I: IntoIterator<Item = T>
    let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
    let new = [7, 8, 9];
    let u: Vec<_> = v.splice(1..3, new).collect();
    assert_eq!(v, &[1, 7, 8, 9, 4]);
    assert_eq!(u, &[2, 3]);

pub fn extract_if<F>(&mut self, filter: F) -> ExtractIf<'_, T, F, A> where F: FnMut(&mut T) -> bool
    #![feature(extract_if)]
    let mut numbers = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15];
    let evens = numbers.extract_if(|x| *x % 2 == 0).collect::<Vec<_>>();
    let odds = numbers;
    assert_eq!(evens, vec![2, 4, 6, 8, 14]);
    assert_eq!(odds, vec![1, 3, 5, 9, 11, 13, 15]);

pub fn front(&self) -> Option<&T>
pub fn front_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>
pub fn back(&self) -> Option<&T>
pub fn back_mut(&mut self) -> Option<&mut T>
pub fn pop_front(&mut self) -> Option<T>
pub fn pop_back(&mut self) -> Option<T>
pub fn push_front(&mut self, value: T)
pub fn push_back(&mut self, value: T)
pub fn binary_search(&self, x: &T) -> Result<usize, usize>