# curl --proto '=https' --tlsv1.2 -sSf https://sh.rustup.rs | sh
brew install rustup
rustup default stable

rustup component add clippy  # rust lints
rustup component add rustfmt # rust formater
rustup component add rust-src # rust 源文件
rustup component add rust-docs # 添加 rust 标准库文档

# 查看已安装的工具链
rustup toolchain list

# 安装 nightly 工具链
rustup toolchain install nightly

# 设置缺省工具链为 nightly
rustup default nightly

# cargo 也支持在命令行上指定 toolchain 版本
cargo +nightly expand

zj@a:~/docs$ rustup show
Default host: x86_64-apple-darwin # 当前 host architecture：
rustup home:  /Users/zhangjun/.rustup

installed toolchains
--------------------

nightly-2023-11-14-x86_64-apple-darwin
nightly-x86_64-apple-darwin (default)
esp

installed targets for active toolchain
--------------------------------------

riscv32imac-unknown-none-elf
riscv32imafc-unknown-none-elf
riscv32imc-unknown-none-elf
x86_64-apple-darwin

active toolchain
----------------

nightly-x86_64-apple-darwin (default)
rustc 1.78.0-nightly (fc3800f65 2024-02-26)

zj@a:~/docs$ cat ~/.rustup/settings.toml
default_toolchain = "nightly-x86_64-apple-darwin"
profile = "default"
version = "12"

zj@a:~/docs$ ls ~/.rustup/toolchains/
esp/  nightly-2023-11-14-x86_64-apple-darwin/  nightly-x86_64-apple-darwin/

zj@a:~/docs$ ls -l ~/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-apple-darwin/bin/
total 100M
-rwxr-xr-x 1 zhangjun  30M  2 27 11:51 cargo*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 zhangjun 1.1M  2 27 11:51 cargo-clippy*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 zhangjun 1.6M  2 27 11:52 cargo-fmt*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 zhangjun  11M  2 27 11:51 clippy-driver*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 zhangjun  38M  2 27 11:51 rust-analyzer*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 zhangjun  980  2 27 11:51 rust-gdb*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 zhangjun 2.2K  2 27 11:52 rust-gdbgui*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 zhangjun 1.1K  2 27 11:51 rust-lldb*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 zhangjun 598K  2 27 11:52 rustc*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 zhangjun  12M  2 27 11:52 rustdoc*
-rwxr-xr-x 1 zhangjun 6.9M  2 27 11:52 rustfmt*

[toolchain]
# 指定使用的 toolchain channel
channel = "1.85"  # "nightly-2020-07-10"
# profile 用于定义要下载的 component 集合，默认有三种：minimal，default，complete
profile = "minimal"
# 需要额外安装的 components
components = [ "rustfmt", "clippy" ]
# 除了 host target 外需要额外安装的 target，如交叉编译的 target。
targets = [ "x86_64-apple-darwin", "aarch64-apple-darwin", "x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu", "wasm32-wasip1", "x86_64-pc-windows-msvc" ]

# 查看 rustc 的 sysroot 路径
zj@a:~/docs$ rustc --print=sysroot
/Users/zhangjun/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-apple-darwin

zj@a:~/docs$ ls /Users/zhangjun/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-apple-darwin
bin/  etc/  lib/  libexec/  share/

# lib 下为对应 target 的 Rust 标准库
zj@a:~/docs$ ls -l /Users/zhangjun/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-apple-darwin/lib
total 178M
-rw-r--r--  1 zhangjun 4.0M  2 27 11:52 librustc-nightly_rt.asan.dylib
-rw-r--r--  1 zhangjun 1.7M  2 27 11:52 librustc-nightly_rt.lsan.dylib
-rw-r--r--  1 zhangjun 3.5M  2 27 11:52 librustc-nightly_rt.tsan.dylib
-rw-r--r--  1 zhangjun 154M  2 27 11:52 librustc_driver-cf896aa21aba59ec.dylib
-rw-r--r--  1 zhangjun 8.1M  2 27 11:51 libstd-f7827e6f67b106c3.dylib   # Rust 标准库
drwxr-xr-x 23 zhangjun  736  2 27 11:52 rustlib/

# target x86_64-apple-darwin 的 Rust 标准库目录
zj@a:~/docs$ ls -l /Users/zhangjun/.rustup/toolchains/nightly-x86_64-apple-darwin/lib/rustlib/x86_64-apple-darwin/lib/
total 114M
-rw-r--r-- 1 zhangjun 406K  2 27 11:51 libaddr2line-643ab2d79f15679f.rlib
#...
-rw-r--r-- 1 zhangjun 8.1M  2 27 11:51 libstd-f7827e6f67b106c3.dylib  # Rust 标准库
-rw-r--r-- 1 zhangjun  15M  2 27 11:51 libstd-f7827e6f67b106c3.rlib
-rw-r--r-- 1 zhangjun 407K  2 27 11:51 libstd_detect-92248f34803a2acc.rlib
-rw-r--r-- 1 zhangjun 5.9K  2 27 11:51 libsysroot-464a17e9cd90c9ab.rlib
-rw-r--r-- 1 zhangjun 5.8M  2 27 11:51 libtest-c1d75a053ae82a06.rlib
-rw-r--r-- 1 zhangjun  44K  2 27 11:51 libunicode_width-a4100f1e87339743.rlib
-rw-r--r-- 1 zhangjun  37K  2 27 11:51 libunwind-e6d9b66edb0ba93e.rlib
zj@a:~/docs$

zj@a:~/docs$ ~/.rustup/toolchains/esp/bin/rustc  --print=sysroot
/Users/zhangjun/.rustup/toolchains/esp

zj@a:~/docs$ ls /Users/zhangjun/.rustup/toolchains/esp
bin/  etc/  lib/  libexec/  share/  xtensa-esp-elf/  xtensa-esp32-elf-clang/

❯ ls -l ~/.cargo/
total 8.0K
drwxr-xr-x 29 alizj 928 Jul 21 16:50 bin/
-rw-r--r--  1 alizj 245 Dec  6  2024 config.toml
-rw-r--r--  1 alizj 300 Mar 28  2024 env
drwxr-xr-x  5 alizj 160 May  5  2024 git/
drwxr-xr-x  6 alizj 192 Mar 28  2024 registry/

# stable rustc 没有 -Z 选项
❯ rustc --help -v |grep  -- -Z

$ rustc +nightly --help -v |grep -- -Z
    -Z help             Print unstable compiler options

❯ RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP=1 rustc --help -v |grep  -- -Z
    -Z help             Print unstable compiler options

RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP=1 cargo rustc --release -- -Z self-profile

# cargo chef:
RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP=1 RUSTFLAGS='-Zself-profile' cargo chef cook --release ...

# final build:
RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP=1 RUSTFLAGS='-Zself-profile' cargo build --release ...

.
├── Cargo.lock
├── Cargo.toml
├── src/
│   ├── lib.rs
│   ├── main.rs  # binary name 为 Cargo.toml 中的 package name
│   └── bin/
│       ├── named-executable.rs  # binary name 为文件名
│       ├── another-executable.rs
│       └── multi-file-executable/  # binary 也可以是目录，binary name 为目录名，目录下需要有 main.rs 文件。
│           ├── main.rs
│           └── some_module.rs  # binary 依赖的 module
├── benches/
│   ├── large-input.rs
│   └── multi-file-bench/
│       ├── main.rs
│       └── bench_module.rs
├── examples/
│   ├── simple.rs
│   └── multi-file-example/
│       ├── main.rs
│       └── ex_module.rs
└── tests/
    ├── some-integration-tests.rs
    └── multi-file-test/
        ├── main.rs
        └── test_module.rs

# Example dep-info file found in target/debug/foo.d
/path/to/myproj/target/debug/foo: /path/to/myproj/src/lib.rs /path/to/myproj/src/main.rs

cargo-features — Unstable, nightly-only features.

[package] — Defines a package.
    name — The name of the package.
    version — The version of the package.
    authors — The authors of the package.
    edition — The Rust edition.
    rust-version — The minimal supported Rust version.
    description — A description of the package.
    documentation — URL of the package documentation.
    readme — Path to the package’s README file.
    homepage — URL of the package homepage.
    repository — URL of the package source repository.
    license — The package license.
    license-file — Path to the text of the license.
    keywords — Keywords for the package.
    categories — Categories of the package.
    workspace — Path to the workspace for the package.
    build — Path to the package build script.
    links — Name of the native library the package links with.
    exclude — Files to exclude when publishing.
    include — Files to include when publishing.
    publish — Can be used to prevent publishing the package.
    metadata — Extra settings for external tools.
    default-run — The default binary to run by cargo run.
    autobins — Disables binary auto discovery.
    autoexamples — Disables example auto discovery.
    autotests — Disables test auto discovery.
    autobenches — Disables bench auto discovery.
    resolver — Sets the dependency resolver to use.

Target tables: (see configuration for settings)
  [lib] — Library target settings.         # 一个 package 只能有一个 lib，所以不是数组
  [[bin]] — Binary target settings.        # [[xx]] 表示是一个数组类型，可以多次重复指定
  [[example]] — Example target settings.
  [[test]] — Test target settings.
  [[bench]] — Benchmark target settings.

Dependency tables:
  [dependencies] — Package library dependencies.
  [dev-dependencies] — Dependencies for examples, tests, and benchmarks.
  [build-dependencies] — Dependencies for build scripts.
  [target] — Platform-specific dependencies.

[badges] — Badges to display on a registry.
[features] — Conditional compilation features.
[lints] — Configure linters for this package.
[patch] — Override dependencies.
[replace] — Override dependencies (deprecated).
[profile] — Compiler settings and optimizations.
[workspace] — The workspace definition.

[package]
    name = "hello_world" # the name of the package
    version = "0.1.0"    # the current version, obeying semver
    authors = ["Alice <[email protected]>", "Bob <[email protected]>"]
    edition = '2021'  # 影响所有 package/test/bens/examples，默认为 2015
    rust-version = "1.56" # 指定兼容的 rustc 编译器版本
    description = "A short description of my package"
    documentation = "https://docs.rs/bitflags"
    readme = "README.md"
    homepage = "https://serde.rs/"
    repository = "https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/"
    license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
    license-file = "LICENSE.txt"
    keywords = ["gamedev", "graphics"
    categories = ["command-line-utilities", "development-tools::cargo-plugins"]

    # 所属的 workspace，适用于不在 wrokspace root 目录的情况。
    workspace = "path/to/workspace/root"
    # 构建脚本路径
    build = "build.rs"
    # 要链接到的 native lib 名称，如 git2 表示 linux 的 libgit2.a。
    links = "git2"
    # 发布到 crates.io 上包含和忽略的文件，如果 build script 没有输出 rerun-if-* 则也用于
    # tracking 是否需要重新执行 build script；
    exclude = ["/ci", "images/", ".*"]
    include = ["/src", "COPYRIGHT", "/examples", "!/examples/big_example"]
    # 或者 false
    publish = ["some-registry-name"]
    # 当 package 有多个 binary 时（如 src/bin/a.rs 和 src/bin/b.rs），指定 cargo run 默认编译运行的 binary
    default-run = "a"

    # package.metadata 会被 cargo 忽略，而为其他从 Cargo.toml 中读取配置信息的工具使用。
    # Metadata used when generating an Android APK, for example.
    [package.metadata.android]
    package-name = "my-awesome-android-app"
    assets = "path/to/static"

# lint 对本地 package 而非 dependencies 进行检查
[lints.rust] # rustc lint
    unsafe_code = "forbid"

# 等效于 unsafe_code = { level = "forbid", priority = 0 }
[lints.clippy] # clippy lint
    enum_glob_use = "deny"

[badges]
# The `maintenance` table indicates the status of the maintenance of
# the crate. This may be used by a registry, but is currently not
# used by crates.io. See https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io/issues/2437
# and https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io/issues/2438 for more details.

# 编译构建依赖
[dependencies]

# test、bench、example 依赖
[dev-dependencies]

# 构建脚本 build.rs 和 proc-mecro 依赖
[build-dependencies]

# target 依赖，可以使用 cfg!() 条件包含
[target.*.dependencies]

# 为编译器提供各种优化和调试的参数集合
[profile.*]

# 一个 package 只能有一个 lib，根默认为 src/lib.rs，但是可以有多个 bin/example/test/bench
# 所以 [lib] 不是列表，而 [[bin]]/[[bench]]/[[test]] 等是列表。
#
# 根 lib 配置，默认 path 是 src/lib.rs, name 默认是 package name；
# 可以通过 [lib].name 来重命名，重新指定 path。
#
# path: 未指定时, 根据 section 自动推导;
# doctest: 只对 lib 有效, 指定 cargo test 是否执行 doc example
# bench: 是否对指定的 target 搜索和执行 bench, 对于 bins/libs/bench 默认为 true
# proc-macro: 只对 lib 有效; 指定该 lib 为 proc-macro crate 类型
# crate-type: 可选值 bin/lib/rlib/dylib/cdylib/staticlib/proc-macro
#   只能对 [lib] 和 [[example]] 配置 crate-type。
#   对于 bin/test/bench，默认只能为 bin。
# required-features: 对于 lib 外的其他 target 有效, 表示只有启动对应 feature 时才build 该 target。
[lib]
    name = "foo"           # The name of the target. 默认是 crate name
    path = "src/lib.rs"    # The source file of the target.
    test = true            # Is tested by default.
    doctest = true         # Documentation examples are tested by default.
    bench = true           # Is benchmarked by default.
    doc = true             # Is documented by default.
    plugin = false         # Used as a compiler plugin (deprecated).
    proc-macro = false     # Set to `true` for a proc-macro library.
    harness = true         # Use libtest harness.
    edition = "2015"       # The edition of the target.
    crate-type = ["lib"]   # The crate types to generate.
    required-features = [] # Features required to build this target (N/A for lib).

## 一个 package 可以有多个 bin，默认是：src/main.rs 和 src/bin/*.rs
## src/main.rs bin 的 name 和 package name 一致，可以通过 [[bin]].name 来重命名，后续可以使用 --bin name 来指定这里的 name。
## bin 可以有多个，所以 [[bin]] 是个列表
#
# binary 可以使用 crate 的 pub API，编译使用 [dependencies] 配置。
# 使用 cargo run --bin <bin-name> 来指定。
# cargo install --bin <bin-name> 安装到 ~/.cargo/bin 目录下。
[[bin]] # [[xx]] 表示是一个列表，可以重复指定多个
    name = "cool-tool" # 重命名 path 对应的 bin 名称
    path = "src/main.rs" # 未指定时默认为 src/main.rs
    test = false
    bench = false
    crate-type = ["bin"] # 对于 bin，默认为 bin, 而且只能为 bin

[[bin]]
    name = "frobnicator"
    required-features = ["frobnicate"]

# example 列表, 各 example 可执行程序文件位于 examples 目录下, 编译后位于
# target/debug/examples 目录下, 使用 [dependencies] 和 [dev-dependenceis] 中的配置。
#
# example 是可执行的 binary(有 main() 函数),可以通过 crate-type = ["staticlib"] 将它编译为库。
#
# example 相关命令: cargo build/run/install --example <example-name>
# cargo test 默认只编译 examples 但不运行, 可以为 example 设置 test=ture 来在 test 时运行 example。
[[example]]
    name = "foo"
    crate-type = ["staticlib"]

# test 列表, 分为 src/ 下的单元测试和 tests 下的集成测试(只能使用 crate 公共 APIs), 为一个可执行程序。默认并行执行 tests。
# 集成测试程序使用 [dependencies] 和 [dev-dependenceis] 中的配置。
[[test]]

# bench 列表, 位于 src/ 或 benches 目录下的单独可执行程序, 使用 #[bench] 来修饰, 使用 cargo bench 来执行。
[[bench]]

[workspace]

$ cargo rustc --lib -- -Z print-type-sizes
$ cargo rustc --lib --crate-type lib,cdylib

// src/lib.rs
// 需要是 pub，这样才会在生成的 rlib 中包含
pub fn hello() {
    println!("hello!");
}

❯ cargo build  # 或则，cargo rustc --lib
# --timeings 参数可以生成编译依赖的各 crate 的耗时
> cargo clean && cargo build --release --quiet --timings
❯ find target/ -type f -name '*.rlib'
target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.rlib
target/debug/libmy_demo.rlib

❯ file target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.rlib
target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.rlib: current ar archive

❯ ar t target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.rlib
__.SYMDEF
lib.rmeta
my_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.6fg39t3e0vwd88d9zbr7ioa1j.1y07x8w.rcgu.o
my_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.aq8mw1jgqf27i1b4p5k0bzldz.1y07x8w.rcgu.o

❯ nm target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.rlib

lib.rmeta:
target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.rlib:lib.rmeta: no symbols

my_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.6fg39t3e0vwd88d9zbr7ioa1j.1y07x8w.rcgu.o:
                 U __ZN3std2io5stdio6_print17h068a7c8fe03701f4E
                 U __ZN4core3fmt2rt38_$LT$impl$u20$core..fmt..Arguments$GT$9new_const17ha3888ccef9b469abE
0000000000000000 T __ZN7my_demo5hello17h4b85738f5c82ab0fE
0000000000000034 s l_anon.b27ae52ee22afa02c25801ca93529f61.0
0000000000000040 s l_anon.b27ae52ee22afa02c25801ca93529f61.1
0000000000000000 t ltmp0
0000000000000034 s ltmp1
0000000000000040 s ltmp2
00000000000000ca s ltmp3
0000000000000298 s ltmp4
00000000000002b8 s ltmp5

my_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.aq8mw1jgqf27i1b4p5k0bzldz.1y07x8w.rcgu.o:
0000000000000000 T __ZN4core3fmt2rt38_$LT$impl$u20$core..fmt..Arguments$GT$9new_const17ha3888ccef9b469abE
0000000000000048 s l_anon.d56747e2a7f22d5a93d4373863465371.0
0000000000000000 t ltmp0
0000000000000048 s ltmp1
0000000000000635 s ltmp2
0000000000001020 s ltmp3
0000000000001040 s ltmp4

# 使用 rustfilt 对  rust 符号进行 demangle
❯ nm target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.rlib|rustfilt
target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.rlib:lib.rmeta: no symbols

lib.rmeta:

my_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.6fg39t3e0vwd88d9zbr7ioa1j.1y07x8w.rcgu.o:
                 U _std::io::stdio::_print
                 U _core::fmt::rt::<impl core::fmt::Arguments>::new_const
0000000000000000 T _my_demo::hello
0000000000000034 s l_anon.b27ae52ee22afa02c25801ca93529f61.0
0000000000000040 s l_anon.b27ae52ee22afa02c25801ca93529f61.1
0000000000000000 t ltmp0
0000000000000034 s ltmp1
0000000000000040 s ltmp2
00000000000000ca s ltmp3
0000000000000298 s ltmp4
00000000000002b8 s ltmp5

my_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.aq8mw1jgqf27i1b4p5k0bzldz.1y07x8w.rcgu.o:
0000000000000000 T _core::fmt::rt::<impl core::fmt::Arguments>::new_const
0000000000000048 s l_anon.d56747e2a7f22d5a93d4373863465371.0
0000000000000000 t ltmp0
0000000000000048 s ltmp1
0000000000000635 s ltmp2
0000000000001020 s ltmp3
0000000000001040 s ltmp4

# 也使用 nm --demangle 来对 lib 中的 rust 符号进行 demangle
❯ nm --demangle target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-2c918bd8bd6b1c77.rlib

❯ cargo rustc --lib -- --crate-type dylib
❯ ls target/debug/
build/  deps/  examples/  incremental/  libmy_demo.d  libmy_demo.rlib
❯ ls -l target/debug/deps/
total 1.5M
-rwxr-xr-x 1 alizj 1.5M Jul  4 11:14 libmy_demo-1752cfb8404360eb.dylib*
-rw-r--r-- 1 alizj  12K Jul  4 11:14 libmy_demo-1752cfb8404360eb.rlib
-rw-r--r-- 1 alizj 2.5K Jul  4 11:14 libmy_demo-1752cfb8404360eb.rmeta
-rw-r--r-- 2 alizj 2.7K Jul  4 11:14 my_demo-1752cfb8404360eb.6fg39t3e0vwd88d9zbr7ioa1j.07hj7xi.rcgu.o
-rw-r--r-- 2 alizj 5.9K Jul  4 11:14 my_demo-1752cfb8404360eb.aq8mw1jgqf27i1b4p5k0bzldz.07hj7xi.rcgu.o
-rw-r--r-- 1 alizj  388 Jul  4 11:14 my_demo-1752cfb8404360eb.d

# 生成了动态库 dylib 库文件
❯ file target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-1752cfb8404360eb.dylib
target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-1752cfb8404360eb.dylib: Mach-O 64-bit dynamically linked shared library arm64

❯ objdump --syms target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-1752cfb8404360eb.dylib |rustfilt |wc -l
11309

❯ objdump --syms target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-1752cfb8404360eb.dylib |rustfilt |head

target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-1752cfb8404360eb.dylib:	file format mach-o arm64

SYMBOL TABLE:
0000000000000958 l     F __TEXT,__text _<alloc::collections::btree::map::Iter<K,V> as core::iter::traits::iterator::Iterator>::next
0000000000000a94 l     F __TEXT,__text _<T as core::any::Any>::type_id
0000000000000ac4 l     F __TEXT,__text _<T as core::any::Any>::type_id
0000000000000af4 l     F __TEXT,__text _<T as core::any::Any>::type_id
0000000000000b24 l     F __TEXT,__text _<bool as core::fmt::Debug>::fmt
0000000000000b34 l     F __TEXT,__text _<&T as core::fmt::Debug>::fmt

❯ cargo rustc --lib -- --crate-type staticlib
❯ ls target/debug/
build/  deps/  examples/  incremental/  libmy_demo.d  libmy_demo.rlib

❯ ls -l target/debug/deps/
total 16M
-rw-r--r-- 1 alizj  16M Jul  4 11:17 libmy_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.a
-rw-r--r-- 1 alizj  12K Jul  4 11:17 libmy_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.rlib
-rw-r--r-- 1 alizj 2.5K Jul  4 11:17 libmy_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.rmeta
-rw-r--r-- 2 alizj 2.7K Jul  4 11:17 my_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.6fg39t3e0vwd88d9zbr7ioa1j.14m2vgu.rcgu.o
-rw-r--r-- 2 alizj 5.9K Jul  4 11:17 my_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.aq8mw1jgqf27i1b4p5k0bzldz.14m2vgu.rcgu.o
-rw-r--r-- 1 alizj  384 Jul  4 11:17 my_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.d

❯ ar t target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.a |head
__.SYMDEF
my_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.6fg39t3e0vwd88d9zbr7ioa1j.14m2vgu.rcgu.o
my_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.aq8mw1jgqf27i1b4p5k0bzldz.14m2vgu.rcgu.o
my_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.am4vmyp6gsgp9crfpou4ngk1b.14m2vgu.rcgu.o
std-af0f282b96954ac9.std.72c7846bd0c5b2df-cgu.0.rcgu.o
panic_unwind-eafbb5ea5df11687.panic_unwind.29942598dde052fe-cgu.0.rcgu.o
object-091f97e9f7b1e9a0.object.63ce0cc8faeaeb20-cgu.0.rcgu.o
memchr-89dd1b3eaceaf16a.memchr.9fc0d4dd789ae0d1-cgu.0.rcgu.o
addr2line-9be47fa9e342462b.addr2line.b61a8a1856850aac-cgu.0.rcgu.o
gimli-3ecc0aa72e38a2f0.gimli.9346c6a51b682f64-cgu.0.rcgu.o

❯ ar t target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.a  |wc -l
380

❯ nm --demangle target/debug/deps/libmy_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.a |head -20

my_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.6fg39t3e0vwd88d9zbr7ioa1j.14m2vgu.rcgu.o:
                 U std::io::stdio::_print::h068a7c8fe03701f4
                 U core::fmt::rt::_$LT$impl$u20$core..fmt..Arguments$GT$::new_const::ha3888ccef9b469ab
0000000000000000 T my_demo::hello::h4b85738f5c82ab0f
0000000000000034 s l_anon.b27ae52ee22afa02c25801ca93529f61.0
0000000000000040 s l_anon.b27ae52ee22afa02c25801ca93529f61.1
0000000000000000 t ltmp0
0000000000000034 s ltmp1
0000000000000040 s ltmp2
00000000000000ca s ltmp3
0000000000000298 s ltmp4
00000000000002b8 s ltmp5

my_demo-6c6f35ce0e39f05f.aq8mw1jgqf27i1b4p5k0bzldz.14m2vgu.rcgu.o:
0000000000000000 T core::fmt::rt::_$LT$impl$u20$core..fmt..Arguments$GT$::new_const::ha3888ccef9b469ab
0000000000000048 s l_anon.d56747e2a7f22d5a93d4373863465371.0
0000000000000000 t ltmp0
0000000000000048 s ltmp1
0000000000000635 s ltmp2

[dependencies]
time = "0.1.12" # 表示等效版本: >=0.1.12, <0.2.0，后续 cargo update 时会自动更新升级版本
log = "^1.2.3"  # 表示严格使用 "1.2.3" 版本

# 支持的版本
1.2.3  :=  >=1.2.3, <2.0.0
1.2    :=  >=1.2.0, <2.0.0
1      :=  >=1.0.0, <2.0.0
0.2.3  :=  >=0.2.3, <0.3.0
0.2    :=  >=0.2.0, <0.3.0
0.0.3  :=  >=0.0.3, <0.0.4
0.0    :=  >=0.0.0, <0.1.0
0      :=  >=0.0.0, <1.0.0

~1.2.3  := >=1.2.3, <1.3.0
~1.2    := >=1.2.0, <1.3.0
~1      := >=1.0.0, <2.0.0

*     := >=0.0.0
1.*   := >=1.0.0, <2.0.0
1.2.* := >=1.2.0, <1.3.0

>= 1.2.0
> 1
< 2
= 1.2.3
>= 1.2, < 1.5

# 自定义 registry
# Specifying dependencies from other registries, 指定的 registry 必须在 .cargo/config.tmol 中配置
some-crate = { version = "1.0", registry = "my-registry" }

# 使用最新提交
regex = { git = "https://github.com/rust-lang/regex.git" }

# 指定 branch/tag/rev
regex = { git = "https://github.com/rust-lang/regex.git", branch = "next" }

# rev 格式
rev = "refs/pull/493/head"
rev = "4c59b707"

# 指定 path
# 在 hello_world pacakge 目录下创建 hello_utils package
$ cargo new hello_utils

# hello_world/Cargo.toml
[dependencies]
hello_utils = { path = "hello_utils" }
hello_utils = { path = "hello_utils", version = "0.1.0" }

[target.x86_64-pc-windows-gnu.dependencies]
winhttp = "0.4.0"

[target.i686-unknown-linux-gnu.dependencies]
openssl = "1.0.1"

[target.'cfg(windows)'.dependencies]
winhttp = "0.4.0"

[target.'cfg(unix)'.dependencies]
openssl = "1.0.1"

[target.'cfg(target_arch = "x86")'.dependencies]
native-i686 = { path = "native/i686" }

[target.'cfg(target_arch = "x86_64")'.dependencies]
native-x86_64 = { path = "native/x86_64" }

[dev-dependencies]
tempdir = "0.3"

[target.'cfg(unix)'.dev-dependencies]
mio = "0.0.1"

# build script/proc macro 及其依赖
[build-dependencies]
cc = "1.0.3"

[target.'cfg(unix)'.build-dependencies]
cc = "1.0.3"

[dependencies]
# 启用 default-features 和 features 列表中的 feature
serde = { version = "1.0.118", features = ["derive"] }

[dependencies.awesome]
version = "1.3.5"
# 不启用 default feature，启用指定的 feature 列表
default-features = false
features = ["secure-password", "civet"]
# 等效于
[dependencies]
awesome = { version = "1.3.5", default-features = false，features = ["secure-password", "civet"]}

[package]
name = "mypackage"
version = "0.0.1"

[dependencies]
foo = "0.1"
# package 指定实际的 package 名称
bar = { git = "https://github.com/example/project.git", package = "foo" }
baz = { version = "0.1", registry = "custom", package = "foo" }

# 后续代码使用
use foo; // crates.io
use bar; // git repository
use baz; // registry `custom`

[dependencies]
# 可选依赖，重命名为 bar
bar = { version = "0.1", package = 'foo', optional = true }

[features]
# 开启该可选依赖，并开启 log-debug 特性。
log-debug = ['bar/log-debug']

# [PROJECT_DIR]/Cargo.toml
[workspace]
members = ["bar"]

# workspace 级别的全局依赖
[workspace.dependencies]
cc = "1.0.73"
rand = "0.8.5"
regex = { version = "1.6.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }

# worksapce member packge
# [PROJECT_DIR]/bar/Cargo.toml
[package]
name = "bar"
version = "0.2.0"

[dependencies]
# workspace=true 表示继承 workspace 的依赖配置，这时只能指定 features/optional 两个配置参数。
regex = { workspace = true, features = ["unicode"] }  # 在 workspace features 的基础上增加 unicode feature

[build-dependencies]
cc.workspace = true

[dev-dependencies]
rand.workspace = true

[package]
name = "my-library"
version = "0.1.0"

[dependencies]
uuid = "1.0"

# patch 对 dependencies 中同名的 package 参数进行修改
# crates-io：包的索引仓库
[patch.crates-io]
# 使用本地的 uuid，未指定 version 时使用前面指定的 1.0 版本；
uuid = { path = "../path/to/uuid" }
# 或者，使用 git 的 uuid
uuid = { git = 'https://github.com/uuid-rs/uuid.git' }

[package]
name = "my-binary"
version = "0.1.0"

[dependencies]
my-library = { git = 'https://example.com/git/my-library' }
uuid = "1.0"

[patch.crates-io]
uuid = { git = 'https://github.com/uuid-rs/uuid.git' }

[patch."https://github.com/your/repository"]
my-library = { path = "../my-library/path" }

[patch.crates-io]
serde = { git = 'https://github.com/serde-rs/serde.git' }
serde2 = { git = 'https://github.com/example/serde.git', package = 'serde', branch = 'v2' }

[dependencies.baz]
git = 'https://github.com/example/baz.git'

[patch.'https://github.com/example/baz']
baz = { git = 'https://github.com/example/patched-baz.git', branch = 'my-branch' }

paths = ["/path/to/uuid"] # 数组需要指向包含 Cargo.toml 文件的目录

[features]
# 定义一个 webp feature，它不依赖（启用）其它 feature
webp = []

#[cfg(feature = "webp")]
pub mod webp;

[features]
# 缺省启用的 features, 除非显式通过 --no-default-features 或 default-features=false 来关闭。
default = ["ico", "webp"]

# feature 值数组元素为：
# 1. 其他 feature；
# 2. 启用可选依赖：dep:optional_package;
# 3. 启用依赖 package 的 feature：package/feature
bmp = []
png = []
ico = ["bmp", "png"] # 启用 ico feature 时, 自动启用 bmp 和 png feature
webp = []

[dependencies]
gif = { version = "0.11.1", optional = true } # 可选依赖

[features]
# cargo 默认为可选依赖创建一个同名的 feature, 如下面的 gif，它的值为 'dep:gif'，其中 dep: 表示可选依赖。
#gif = ["dep:gif"]

# mygif 依赖上面隐式创建的 gif feature
mygif = ["gif"]

[dependencies]
ravif = { version = "0.6.3", optional = true }
rgb = { version = "0.8.25", optional = true }

[features]
# 启用 avif feature 时也启用这两个可选依赖，不会创建同名的 ravif/rgb feature,
avif = ["dep:ravif", "dep:rgb"]

[dependencies]
# 启用该 package 的 derive feature 和 default features
serde = { version = "1.0.118", features = ["derive"] }
# 关闭该 package 的 default feature, 只启用 zlib feature
flate2 = { version = "1.0.3", default-features = false, features = ["zlib"] }

[dependencies]
# 没有启用该 package 的任何 feature
jpeg-decoder = { version = "0.1.20", default-features = false }

[features]
# 启用 parallel feature 时启用 jpeg-decoder（不需要为可选包）的 rayon feature
parallel = ["jpeg-decoder/rayon"]

[dependencies]
serde = { version = "1.0.133", optional = true }
rgb = { version = "0.8.25", optional = true }

[features]
# 如果其他 feature 启用了 rgb 依赖, 则本 feature 也启用 rgb 依赖并开启它的 serde feature
serde = ["dep:serde", "rgb?/serde"]

[profile.release-lto]
inherits = "release"
lto = true

cargo build --profile release-lto

# 为 foo package 指定使用 -Copt-level=3 参数
# 也可指定 package 版本：[profile.dev.package."foo:2.1.0"]
[profile.dev.package.foo]
opt-level = 3

# 为依赖设置缺省值，* 表示所有依赖 packages（不含当前 workspace member package）
[profile.dev.package."*"]
opt-level = 2

# 为 build scripts 和 proc-macros 及其依赖设置参数
[profile.dev.build-override]
opt-level = 0
codegen-units = 256
debug = false # when possible

[profile.release.build-override]
opt-level = 0
codegen-units = 256

[workspace] — Defines a workspace.
    resolver — Sets the dependency resolver to use.
    members — Packages to include in the workspace.
    exclude — Packages to exclude from the workspace.
    default-members — Packages to operate on when a specific package wasn’t selected.
    package — Keys for inheriting in packages.  package 的 author、name 等信息
    dependencies — Keys for inheriting in package dependencies. 依赖
    lints — Keys for inheriting in package lints.
    metadata — Extra settings for external tools.
[patch] — Override dependencies.
[replace] — Override dependencies (deprecated).
[profile] — Compiler settings and optimizations.

[workspace]

[package]
name = "hello_world"
version = "0.1.0"
authors = ["Alice <[email protected]>", "Bob <[email protected]>"]

# [PROJECT_DIR]/Cargo.toml
[workspace]
members = ["hello_world"]
exclude = ["crates/foo", "path/to/other"]
resolver = "2"  # 必须指定

# [PROJECT_DIR]/hello_world/Cargo.toml
[package]
name = "hello_world"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2021"
authors = ["Alice <[email protected]>", "Bob <[email protected]>"]

[workspace]
members = ["path/to/member1", "path/to/member2", "path/to/member3/*"]
default-members = ["path/to/member2", "path/to/member3/foo"]
resolver = "2";

# [PROJECT_DIR]/Cargo.toml
[workspace]
members = ["bar", "crates/*"]  # 支持 glob 匹配
[workspace.package] # 可以被 member package 继承的 package 信息
version = "1.2.3"
authors = ["Nice Folks"]
description = "A short description of my package"
documentation = "https://example.com/bar"
# 统一定义的依赖列表（member package 不一定使用），member package 的 dependencies/build-dependencies/dev-dependencies 均可使用
[workspace.dependencies]
cc = "1.0.73"
rand = "0.8.5"
# 不能声明为 optional
regex = { version = "1.6.0", default-features = false, features = ["std"] }
# 统一定义的 lints 规则
[workspace.lints.rust]
unsafe_code = "forbid"
# 统一定义的 metadata
[workspace.metadata.webcontents]
root = "path/to/webproject"
tool = ["npm", "run", "build"]


# [PROJECT_DIR]/bar/Cargo.toml
[package]
name = "bar"
# 继承 workspace.package 配置信息
version.workspace = true
authors.workspace = true
description.workspace = true
documentation.workspace = true

[dependencies]
# 继承 workspace.package 的包配置（如版本、features 等），并额外增加的 features
regex = { workspace = true, features = ["unicode"] }
[build-dependencies]
# cc 使用 workspace.dependencies 中定义的 cc package 信息
cc.workspace = true
[dev-dependencies]
rand.workspace = true
# 继承自 workspace 的 lints
[lints]
workspace = true

[target.x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu]
runner = "foo"  # 使用 PATH 搜索 foo

[source.vendored-sources]
# Directory is relative to the parent where `.cargo/config.toml` is located.
# For example, `/my/project/.cargo/config.toml` would result in `/my/project/vendor`.
directory = "vendor"

# Most shells will require escaping.
cargo --config http.proxy="http://example.com" …

# Spaces may be used.
cargo --config "net.git-fetch-with-cli = true" …

# TOML array example. Single quotes make it easier to read and write.
cargo --config 'build.rustdocflags = ["--html-in-header", "header.html"]' …

# Example of a complex TOML key.
cargo --config "target.'cfg(all(target_arch = \"arm\", target_os = \"none\"))'.runner = 'my-runner'" …

# Example of overriding a profile setting.
cargo --config profile.dev.package.image.opt-level=3 …

/projects/foo/bar/baz/.cargo/config.toml
/projects/foo/bar/.cargo/config.toml
/projects/foo/.cargo/config.toml
/projects/.cargo/config.toml
/.cargo/config.toml
$CARGO_HOME/config.toml # which defaults to:
    Windows: %USERPROFILE%\.cargo\config.toml
    Unix: $HOME/.cargo/config.toml

# https://doc.rust-lang.org/cargo/reference/config.html

# path dependency overrides，重载 Cargo.toml 中的 dependencies
paths = ["/path/to/override"]

[alias]     # cargo command aliases
b = "build" # cargo b 等效为 cargo build
c = "check"
t = "test"
r = "run"
rr = "run --release"
recursive_example = "rr --example recursions" # alias 支持递归定义
space_example = ["run", "--release", "--", "\"command list\""]

[build]
jobs = 1                      # number of parallel jobs, defaults to # of CPUs
rustc = "rustc"               # the rust compiler tool
rustc-wrapper = "…"           # run this wrapper instead of `rustc`
rustc-workspace-wrapper = "…" # run this wrapper instead of `rustc` for workspace members
rustdoc = "rustdoc"           # the doc generator tool

# build for the target triple (ignored by `cargo install`)
target = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu", "i686-unknown-linux-gnu"]

target-dir = "target"         # path of where to place all generated artifacts
rustflags = ["…", "…"]        # custom flags to pass to all compiler invocations
rustdocflags = ["…", "…"]     # custom flags to pass to rustdoc
incremental = true            # whether or not to enable incremental compilation
dep-info-basedir = "…"        # path for the base directory for targets in depfiles

[target.<triple>]  # 特定 target triple 的参数
linker = "…"            # linker to use
runner = "…"            # wrapper to run executables
rustflags = ["…", "…"]  # custom flags for `rustc`

[target.<cfg>] # 匹配 cfg!() 宏的 target 的参数，如 cfg(all(target_arch = "arm", target_os = "none"))
runner = "…"            # wrapper to run executables
rustflags = ["…", "…"]  # custom flags for `rustc`

[target.<triple>.<links>] # `links` build script override
rustc-link-lib = ["foo"]
rustc-link-search = ["/path/to/foo"]
rustc-flags = ["-L", "/some/path"]
rustc-cfg = ['key="value"']
rustc-env = {key = "value"}
rustc-cdylib-link-arg = ["…"]
metadata_key1 = "value"
metadata_key2 = "value"

[doc]
browser = "chromium"   # browser to use with `cargo doc --open`, overrides the `BROWSER` environment variable

[env] # 传给 cargo 命令启动的进程的额外环境变量
# Set ENV_VAR_NAME=value for any process run by Cargo
ENV_VAR_NAME = "value"
# Set even if already present in environment
ENV_VAR_NAME_2 = { value = "value", force = true }
# Value is relative to .cargo directory containing `config.toml`, make absolute
ENV_VAR_NAME_3 = { value = "relative/path", relative = true }

# when to display a notification about a future incompat report
[future-incompat-report]
frequency = 'always'

[cargo-new]  # cargo new 参数
vcs = "none"         # VCS to use ('git', 'hg', 'pijul', 'fossil', 'none')

[http]
debug = false               # HTTP debugging
proxy = "host:port"         # HTTP proxy in libcurl format
ssl-version = "tlsv1.3"     # TLS version to use
ssl-version.max = "tlsv1.3" # maximum TLS version
ssl-version.min = "tlsv1.1" # minimum TLS version
timeout = 30                # timeout for each HTTP request, in seconds
low-speed-limit = 10        # network timeout threshold (bytes/sec)
cainfo = "cert.pem"         # path to Certificate Authority (CA) bundle
check-revoke = true         # check for SSL certificate revocation
multiplexing = true         # HTTP/2 multiplexing
user-agent = "…"            # the user-agent header

[install] # cargo install 参数，默认为 ~/.cargo
root = "/some/path"         # `cargo install` destination directory

[net]
retry = 3                   # network retries
git-fetch-with-cli = true   # use the `git` executable for git operations
offline = true              # do not access the network

[net.ssh]
known-hosts = ["..."]       # known SSH host keys

[patch.<registry>]
# Same keys as for [patch] in Cargo.toml

[profile.<name>]         # Modify profile settings via config.
inherits = "dev"         # Inherits settings from [profile.dev].
opt-level = 0            # Optimization level.
debug = true             # Include debug info.
split-debuginfo = '...'  # Debug info splitting behavior.
strip = "none"           # Removes symbols or debuginfo.
debug-assertions = true  # Enables debug assertions.
overflow-checks = true   # Enables runtime integer overflow checks.
lto = false              # Sets link-time optimization.
panic = 'unwind'         # The panic strategy.
incremental = true       # Incremental compilation.
codegen-units = 16       # Number of code generation units.
rpath = false            # Sets the rpath linking option.
[profile.<name>.build-override]  # Overrides build-script settings.
# Same keys for a normal profile.
[profile.<name>.package.<name>]  # Override profile for a package.
# Same keys for a normal profile (minus `panic`, `lto`, and `rpath`).

[registries.<name>]  # registries other than crates.io
index = "…"          # URL of the registry index
token = "…"          # authentication token for the registry

[registry]
default = "…"        # name of the default registry
token = "…"          # authentication token for crates.io

[source.<name>]      # source definition and replacement
replace-with = "…"   # replace this source with the given named source
directory = "…"      # path to a directory source
registry = "…"       # URL to a registry source
local-registry = "…" # path to a local registry source
git = "…"            # URL of a git repository source
branch = "…"         # branch name for the git repository
tag = "…"            # tag name for the git repository
rev = "…"            # revision for the git repository

[term]
quiet = false          # whether cargo output is quiet
verbose = false        # whether cargo provides verbose output
color = 'auto'         # whether cargo colorizes output
hyperlinks = true      # whether cargo inserts links into output
progress.when = 'auto' # whether cargo shows progress bar
progress.width = 80    # width of progress bar